Things Your Boss Expects You to Know About The Phenomenon of Migration

 

 Migration.

Migration can be defined as the movement of people from their country to a country other than their country of origin who do not hold his nationality in order to settle and reside there permanently or with the aim of obtaining the nationality of that country, and migration throughout history has resulted in many social, economic and cultural benefits accruing to countries, as this phenomenon It was one of the reasons for the development of societies and the merging of civilizations and cultures. Many modern countries arose out of migratory movements that led to the mixing of many races and cultures and the formation of a single community fabric. Developing countries are among the most receiving countries for immigrants, as they embrace a third of the world's migrants, as the International Organization for Migration has registered In 2017 alone, there were approximately 285 million immigrants.

 Causes of emigration.

The reasons that drive individuals to migrate from their country to another country differ, and these reasons can be classified as follows:

• Economic reasons: where individuals migrate in search of job opportunities with adequate wages and job stability, which makes it easier for them to obtain basic living requirements of adequate food and to live in a place that provides modern infrastructure. 
• Social reasons: where individuals migrate in order to live with their families and friends, and to obtain better social services in terms of social and cultural facilities and educational opportunities. 
• Political reasons: They are reasons that make migration compulsory to escape political persecution, wars, or crimes and violence. 
• Environmental causes: Many individuals migrate due to environmental factors that cause natural disasters, such as: floods, volcanoes, and earthquakes. 

The reasons for migration can be classified into two main parts that determine the form and direction of migration, and they are as follows:

• Expulsion factors: These are the reasons that have been mentioned that push individuals to leave their homes. Such as lack of services, insecurity, poverty, wars, etc.  
• Attractive factors: These are the factors that make a particular region attractive to immigrants through the high employment rate, the high level of income, the provision of advanced services, or the enjoyment of security and political stability, among others. 

Types of migration.

There are several types of migration that depend on the flow of immigrants, their numbers, the reasons for their migration, the time and nature of their movement, and they are as follows:

• Transcontinental migration: it is the migration in which individuals move from one continent to another; Like moving from a country in the continent of Asia to another country in the continent of South America. 
• Internal migration: It is the movement of individuals from one place to another within the same region, country or continent, as it is called regional migration.
• Rural-to-city migration: It is the movement of individuals from rural areas to urban areas in the same country in search of new opportunities and a change in lifestyle. 
• Forced or involuntary migration: It is the force of individuals to move from one place to another against their will by the legal authorities in the country. 
• Imposed migration: It is not forced migration, but it is forced due to the severity of expulsion factors, such as: hunger, war, or other difficult circumstances that push people to leave their homes. 
• Return migration: It is the voluntary return of individuals to their homeland after they migrated from it for a period of time, and usually they have overlooked the reasons that prompted them to migrate; Like retirees returning from work to live with their families and friends. 
• Seasonal migration: it is migration that takes place during a specific season so that migrants return to their homes as soon as it ends; Such as the migration of individuals during the harvest or harvest seasons. 

The effects of migration.

The effects of migration on the sending and hosting countries vary between positive and negative effects. Studies have shown that immigration has benefits for sending companies and receiving companies, but they may not be the same for residents of the host country with limited skills as competition for their opportunities will increase from new immigrants. In general, it contributes to raising global GDP, as specialists noted that facilitating immigration procedures and removing barriers to immigrants raises global GDP by 67% to 147%.

Effects of migration on the host nation.

The effects of migration on the host country vary between positive and negative effects, as follows:

     1-Positive migration effects :

• Cultural diversity and richness of knowledge.
• Fill any labor shortages.
• Pay immigrants less than natives.

   2-Negative effects of migration :    

• The high costs of health and educational services.
• Overpopulation.
• Cultural and social differences.

Effects of migration on the sending country

    1-Positive migration effects: 

       a- Supplying the sending country with money that migrants send for their families.

 
       b- Reducing pressure on available jobs and resources.

       c-The potential for immigrants to return home with new and advanced skills.

    2-Negative effects of migration:

    a-Decreasing the number of the workforce, which reduces the state's capabilities. 

    b- Men left their women and children behind to find jobs.

    c-Brain drain and skilled labor for the benefit of other countries.